Goodbye Banjul : India set to intensify relations with Africa
India's engagement with Africa is set to enter a new phase with the hosting of the five-day summit meeting with the leaders of the continent.
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The first summit level talks were held in 2008 in New Delhi and the second in 2011 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Though the links between India and Africa are millennia old and New Delhi had supported the continent’s struggle for independence and fight against apartheid, China could score points on having more intensive engagement with the continent.
Comparatively, India structured institutional engagement with Africa as a whole had a late start. But better late than never. Prime Minister Narendra bhai Damodardass Modi has rightly seized the opportunity for deepening relationships with Africa, picking up the thread from 2008.
New direction
Prime Minister Modi intends to give a new direction to India’s institutional relationship with Africa. The earlier Banjul formula of inviting only 15 heads of state or government through the African Union has been done away with.
Now all 54 heads of state and government have been invited to the five-day Third India-Africa Summit scheduled towards the end of this month in New Delhi, and almost all the African leaders have given consent for participation, making it the largest international summit to be hosted by India after the 1983 NAM and CHOGM summits.
This led Prime Minister Modi to tweet “Level of engagement for @indiafrica2015 has been tremendously scaled up”.
Turkey, Japan, European Union, China, South Korea and lately US have regular institutional arrangements with the natural resource-rich continent.
Competition in engagement should not be a policy as in a multi-polar world there is enough space for every country to develop relationships suitable to its convenience and to the needs of Africa.
India needs to develop its relationship with Africa in its own unique way. Since the Banjul formula has been done away with, India needs to intensify its relationship with African countries through bilateral, regional and pan-African formats. There are several economic and political groups in the vast continent catering to regional interests and India needs to directly engage with these groups. At the same time, we must continue our relations with the African Union.
Development assistance
So far, India’s development assistance was routed through the African Union. But the vast continent has countries with varied needs and priorities for development. Therefore, it is necessary that India engage with these countries directly or through regional groups.
Other venues of engagement include the Economic Commission for Africa, Afro-Asian Rural Development Organisation (AARO), Pan African Parliament, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association.
Recently, South Africa hosted the fifth BRICS Summit with focus on partnership for development, integration and industrialisation of Africa. BRICS countries agreed to set up a Development Bank to meet the needs of developing and least developed countries.
India’s basic approach to development cooperation is a three-pronged strategy – technical assistance, line of credit (LoC) and grants. The Indian Technical and
Economic Cooperation (ITEC) was launched as early as 1964 to share its development experiences with fellow developing countries, but the continent of Africa as a whole was not much in focus then. To give focus to the country’s development cooperation programmes, a separate Development Partnership Administration (DPA) was set up in the External Affairs Ministry in January 2012; the Investment and Technology Promotion (ITP) Division was also created to promote economic diplomacy.
Since the First India-Africa Summit, India committed $7.4 billion LoC, out of which $6.8 billion has been approved and $3.5 billion has been disbursed, which created 137 projects in 41 countries.
Total grant element in the LoC was $500 million. Though the pace of capacity building and training has been satisfactory, that of setting up of projects and institutions has been slow due to delay in preparation of detailed project reports (DPRs) by African countries.
India, with the help of the AU, could set up Pan-African e-network for education and health in 48 countries.
Since the first summit, New Delhi extended 40,000 scholarships for study in India. Indian pharma companies supplied cheap medicines to contain HIV/AIDS in Africa, but its role in containing Ebola outbreak was limited.
It is an irony that while Africa seeks closer engagements with India, New Delhi’s response has not kept pace.
There are 43 African Missions in New Delhi while India has set up permanent missions in only about 25 countries.
Africa
Some of the fastest growing economies in the world are in Africa. It is a continent with large swathes of arable land and rich in natural resources including oil and gas. It is a demographically young continent – 65 per cent of the African population is under the age of 35 years. It has a long coastline, very important in trade and strategic terms, of 26,000 km. There are, however, several landlocked countries.
Africa has adopted 2063 Agenda for sustainable development, good governance, rule of law, democracy, gender equity, renewable energy, sustainable fisheries.
The UN adopted Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 with 17 goals and 169 targets. Will India be an active partner in Africa’s development?
Can India be a leader of the developing world, including the landlocked countries and small island states in the global fora, particularly in the context of the upcoming G-20 summit, Paris conference on climate change and WTO Ministerial in Nairobi?
Africa represents 28 per cent of UN membership and its support is crucial for India getting a permanent seat in the UN Security Council.
The UAE, Singapore, UN Coordinator for Africa, UN Global Head for HIV AIDS and president of the African Development Bank are special guests at the summit as they are interested in financing projects addressing health and social issues.
Bilateral trade
Apart from the development of the continent, there are areas of win-win for both sides. Bilateral trade has reached $ 70 billion and needs to be scaled up. Indian corporates’ investment in the resource-rich continent is in the range of $30-35 billion.
There is a 2.7 million Indian diaspora in Africa. There is ample scope for setting up fertiliser plants in Africa with buyback arrangements. New Delhi depends on import of pulses from countries like Tanzania to meet its shortages.
Nigeria exports oil to India. Mozambique has huge gas potential and there are new hydrocarbon discoveries in North Africa, including Somalia.
A 400-strong business delegation will be coming for the business forum meeting and the trade ministers’ meeting is likely to sort out problems in trade and investment.
Finally, development needs peace and security. Africa faces terrorist threats from Boko Haram and Al Shabaab.
India has joint working groups on counter-terrorism and defence training arrangements with several African countries, which need to be extended to others.
India is already in the UN peacekeeping mission in Africa. Countries on the east coast of Africa are crucial for maritime security in the Indian Ocean and New Delhi has offered them a package of maritime security and sustainable blue economy.
All awaits the finalisation of the joint action plan with the African Union after the summit meeting, which would pave the way for 2.3 billion people of India and Africa working together.
The writer is a senior columnist writing on Strategic & Policy Issues in several Indian and international newspapers and magazines. He frequently writes in The Daily Observer, Bangladesh and the Diplomatist magazine. He can be reached at [email protected] Mobile phone no +91-9810902204)